Format: ORAL

Carmen Galn1,2, Jose Oteros1,2, Herminia Garca-Mozo1,2, Ftima Aguilera3, Mara Jess Aira4, Jordina Belmonte5,6, Paloma Carianos7, Delia Fernndez-Gonzlez8,9, Mara Fernndez-Gonzlez10, Santiago Fernndez-Rodrguez11, Montserrat Gutierrez-Bustillo12, Beatriz Lara13, Concepcin De Linares7, Stella Moreno-Grau14, Jos M. Moreno-Grau14, Rosa Prez-Bada13, Antonio Picornell15, Alberto Rodrguez Fernndez8, Javier Rodrguez-Rajo10, Jess Rojo12, Lus Ruiz-Valenzuela3, Mara del Mar Trigo15, Purificacin Alczar1,2

1 Department on Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Córdoba, Spain. 2 Inter-University Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Córdoba, Spain. 3 Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, Spain. 4 Department of Botany, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 5 Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. 6 Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. 7 Department of Botany, University of Granada, Spain. 8 Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management (Botany), University of León, Spain. 9 Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy. 10 Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, University of Vigo, Spain. 11 Department of Construction, University of Extremadura, Spain. 12 Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. 13 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla la Mancha, Spain. 14 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technic University of Cartagena, Spain. 15 Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Spain.

Airborne pollen significantly impacts air quality, human health, and ecosystems. Effective pollen monitoring is essential for understanding these effects and advancing in air protection strategies. Pollen allergies, affecting a substantial global population, lead to respiratory issues and decreased life quality. Pollen monitoring also informs climate change research, agriculture, and forestry; shifts in pollen seasons indicate the climatic change impacts on vegetation and aiding in fruit production forecasting. Airborne pollen is a good indicator of floral phenology and intensity on anemophilous plants. Historical databases allow to study pollen season timing and intensity. The Mediterranean Climate is wet and mild during winter, and warm and dry in summer. During recent decades, the climate is changing on increasing temperatures and to the lack of water availability, due to a different precipitation pattern with more frequent floods and droughts. These trends are affecting to plant responding to extreme events. Woody plants more response to temperatures, especially those flowering during winter or early spring. Herbaceous plants are more responding to water availability. Many recent studies have shown an advance in flowering start, specially on woody plants. However, winter is getting warmer, and the plants are not sufficiently exposed to chilling temperature for break dormancy and budburst; with lack of chilling requirements the forcing process at early spring will not be as effective, that together the lack of water, may cause a delay on flowering. Weeds and grasses respond more to water availability, although in different way, with an advance or delay depending on the species. For this reason, recently there are evidence of longer pollen seasons because more diversity on flowering timing. Regarding flowering intensity, recent studies also support the higher pollen season intensity, probably due to increasing CO2 in the air; however, in the Mediterranean Climate not always occur because the lack of water.