Format: ORAL

Jun Wen1, Alicia Talavera1, Zhi-Yao Ma2, Gabriel Johnson1, Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond3, Elizabeth A. Zimmer1, Ze-Long Nie4

1 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, USA 2 Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China 3 UA Museum of the North Herbarium and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA 4 College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China

The North American Vitis species are of considerable economic importance and have played a significant role in saving the viticulture industry since the 1870s. With the recent advances in genomics and collections-based informatics, the taxonomy of Vitis is experiencing a new era of revolution. We conduct extensive phylogenomic analyses to unravel the complex evolutionary history of North American Vitis by densely sampling all New World species with representatives from Eurasia and by using a newly developed bait set target-capturing 1013 nuclear genes. We also target the sampling of several species complexes including the taxonomically challenging Vitis aestivalis, V. arizonica and V. cinerea complexes. Our analyses reveal extensive introgressive hybridizations of North American Vitis at the deep and shallow levels. Introgressive hybridization is a major mode of speciation in North American Vitis, driving the evolution of several species including V. californica, V. novae-angliae, and V. shuttleworthii. Geographic isolation plays an important role in generating morphological variations in the V. aestivalis, V. arizonica and V. cinerea complexes.Vitis is herein classified into three subgenera: subgenus Mesoamericana J. Wen (subg. nov.), subgenus Muscadinia (Planch.) Rehder and subgenus Vitis, and the North American Vitis subgenus Vitis is placed into eight taxonomic series. The taxonomic framework, evolutionary relationships, phenotypic variations, geographic distribution, and ecological characters provide fundamental insights into crop breeding and conservation actions. We call the attention to further assess the distribution and conservation status of V. novae-angliae, a species that is supported to be of hybrid origin between V. labrusca and the common ancestor of V. riparia and its close relatives. Furthermore, V. shuttleworthii of peninsular Florida should be more closely monitored as the coastal narrow endemic can be threatened by rising ocean levels associated with climate warming.