Format: ORAL

Thomas J. Givnish1, Mark Skinner2, Ivana Reetnik3, Nursel Ikinci4, Ricardo Kriebel5, Alan R. Lemmon6, Emily Moriarty Lemmon7, Yundong Gao8

1 Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA 2 Skinner & Associates, Portland, USA 3 Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 4 Department of Botany, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey 5 Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA 6 Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA 7 Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA 8 Department of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China

Lilies with ca. 125 species in Lilium and the former genus Nomocharis are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in East Asia, southern Europe, the Caucasus, and eastern and Western North America. Species vary widely in habitat and in floral form, orientation, color, and fragrance. To identify relationships within Lilium and reconstruct its adaptive radiation and geographic spread, we conducted the first phylogenomic analysis of relationships in the genus by sequencing, assembling, and analyzing more than 400 single-copy nuclear loci and whole plastomes of almost all extant species. The maximum-likelihood plastome phylogeny fails to resolve any of the traditional, morphology-based sections as monophyletic, with two origins for North American Pseudolirium, two for Himalayan/Tibetan Nomocharis, four for East Asian Sinomartagon, two for Asian Leucolirion, two for Asian Archelirion, three for European and Central Asian Martagon, two for East Asian Daurolirion, and two for European Liriotypus. The nuclear phylogeny, however, resolves most sections as monophyletic, except for polyphyletic Sinomartagon and Leucolirion. Reconstructions of historical biogeography point to an origin in East Asia or Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau, with subsequent dispersals into North America, the Himalayas/Tibetan Plateau, Europe, Formosa, Japan, and the Philippines. Within the North American clade Pseudolirium, we found strong quantitative convergence in flower shape, orientation, and color associated with pollination by hummingbirds, sphingid moths, and bees, and apparent retention of ancestral characters in species pollinated by butterflies.